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--- declension_classes [2019/03/17 22:35] – [See also] morgoth
+++ declension_classes [2026/06/10 09:32] (current) – morgoth
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 ======= Declension classes ======
 Class of declension in [[Nûrlâm]] affects the form of [[grammar_case|cases]] and in other dialects also [[grammar_number|plural number]]. This term is applicable mainly to nouns and pronouns but also to adjectives and even case postpositions. There are only two classes for all lexical categories:
-   I. words ending with consonants
-  II. words ending with vowels
-However as Black Speech has tendency to join short words together as [[clitics]], declension class is not fixed for one word stem. In example "uruk" (orc) belongs to declension class I, but adding clitic adjective "kû" (old) to it changes the declension class of resulting word "uruk(k)û" (old orc) to class II. The most of [[grammar|grammatical forms]] are the same for both declension classes but difference appears when adding suffix or clitic starting with vowel (including dialectical plural markers -//i//, -//u//, -//û//). Plural marker is replaced with -//z// for declension class II. The same suffix -//z//- is inserted between roots ending with vowel and case suffixes starting with vowel. However there are some exceptions (see article about [[grammar_cases|cases]]) specially for pronouns. If both case suffix and plural marker are required then case clitic postposition is added first according to root's declension class and plural suffix according to declension class of this clitic. Examples:
-^ noun      ^ case suffix             ^ plural form ^ English translation ^
+^   I | words ending with consonants |
-| tark (I)  | -ob (I, GEN, "of")      | tark-ob-û   | of men              |
+^  II | words ending with vowels or diphthongs |
-| tark (I)  | -ri (II, ITRT, "among") | tark-ri-z   | among men           |
-| shra (II) | -ûr (I, DAT, "for")     | shra-z-ûr-û | for persons         |
+However as Black Speech has tendency to join short words together as [[clitics]], declension class is not fixed for one word stem. In example "uruk" (orc) belongs to declension class I, but adding clitic adjective "kû" (old) to it changes the declension class of resulting word "uruk(k)û" (old orc) to class II. Adding derivational suffixes (like feminizer suffix //-niz//) also may change declension class. This behavior is similar to choosing between "a" and "an" in English before noun alone or noun with preceding adjective. The most of [[grammar|grammatical forms]] are the same for both declension classes but difference appears when adding suffix or clitic starting with vowel (including dialectical plural markers -//i//, -//u//, -//û//). Plural marker is replaced with -//z// for declension class II. The same suffix -//z//- is inserted between roots ending with vowel and case suffixes starting with vowel. However there are some exceptions (see article about [[grammar_case|cases]]) specially for pronouns. If both case suffix and plural marker are required then case clitic postposition is added first according to root's declension class and plural suffix according to declension class of this clitic. Examples:
-| shra (II) | -irzi (II, INS, "by")   | shra-rzi-z  | by persons          |
+{{page>include:declension-case-number}}
 --------------------
 ===== See also =====
-  - [[Noun's suffix chain in Nûrlâm]]
+  - [[grammar_noun#suffix_chain|Noun's suffix chain in Nûrlâm]]
   - [[wp>Declension|Wikipedia article about declension]]

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