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syntax_existential

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syntax_existential [2021/08/19 20:28] – morgothsyntax_existential [2024/09/28 18:19] (current) – [Other dialects] morgoth
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-<todo !!!>complete the article</todo> 
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 ====== Existential clause ====== ====== Existential clause ======
 **//Existential clause//** is the clause that declares existence, presence or absence of something. Typical existential clause in English starts with "There is ...", where "there" is a //dummy subject// and the predicate is verb "to be" (//copula// verb) in required form, while logical subject becomes grammatical object, therefore such construction may be counted as [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal]], however copula agrees in number with logical subject. Existential clauses often contain additional [[case_locative|locative]] phrase: "There is monster __under the bed__". **//Existential clause//** is the clause that declares existence, presence or absence of something. Typical existential clause in English starts with "There is ...", where "there" is a //dummy subject// and the predicate is verb "to be" (//copula// verb) in required form, while logical subject becomes grammatical object, therefore such construction may be counted as [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal]], however copula agrees in number with logical subject. Existential clauses often contain additional [[case_locative|locative]] phrase: "There is monster __under the bed__".
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 ===== Translation into Nûrlâm ===== ===== Translation into Nûrlâm =====
  
-[[Nûrlâm]] do **not** use typical short affirmative truly existential clauses. As some linguists distinguish locative clauses from existential (when there is no dummy subject like English "there is" or German "es ist"):+[[Nûrlâm]] does **not** use typical short affirmative truly existential clauses. As some linguists distinguish locative clauses from existential (when there is no dummy subject like English "there is" or German "es ist"):
  
 __Example 1__: "There is an army at the gates" should be transformed into "An army is at the gates" = "Ash khot (kulâ) hûmumir " (verb "to be" could be omitted when there are no describers and existential clause is not the part of longer sentence).  __Example 1__: "There is an army at the gates" should be transformed into "An army is at the gates" = "Ash khot (kulâ) hûmumir " (verb "to be" could be omitted when there are no describers and existential clause is not the part of longer sentence). 
  
-__Example 2__: "There is monster under the bed" = "Stâz (kûlâ) lata khau" (Monster is under the bed)+__Example 2__: "There is monster under the bed" = "Uglauk (kûlâ) lata khau" (Monster is under the bed)
  
 __Example 3__: "At the gates there is an army" = "Hûmumir kulâ ash khoth" (lit. At the gates is an army), but "Hûmumir ash khoth kulâ" (lit. At the gates an army is) is more preferable. The verb "to be" (kul-) is not omitted because of non-standard word order. __Example 3__: "At the gates there is an army" = "Hûmumir kulâ ash khoth" (lit. At the gates is an army), but "Hûmumir ash khoth kulâ" (lit. At the gates an army is) is more preferable. The verb "to be" (kul-) is not omitted because of non-standard word order.
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 However, word-order starting with "there" = "zîgin" (and also "here" = "zin") can be copied into Nûrlâm if there is no other locatives, but "there" do not become the subject and whole clause should be counted as locative. However, word-order starting with "there" = "zîgin" (and also "here" = "zin") can be copied into Nûrlâm if there is no other locatives, but "there" do not become the subject and whole clause should be counted as locative.
  
-__Example 4__: "There is a monster" = "Zîgin kulâ ash stâz". The verb "kul-" (to be) should not be omitted in such case and must agree with subject ("monster" in this example) in person and number.+__Example 4__: "There is a monster" = "Zîgin kulâ ash uglauk". The verb "kul-" (to be) should not be omitted in such case and must agree with subject ("monster" in this example) in person and number.
  
 Existential clauses can be combined with different [[grammar_mood|modalities]] (but still do not became truly existential in Nûrlâm): Existential clauses can be combined with different [[grammar_mood|modalities]] (but still do not became truly existential in Nûrlâm):
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 ^ Russian ^ Literal translation to English ^ Nûrlâm ^ ^ Russian ^ Literal translation to English ^ Nûrlâm ^
 | У ворот была армия | At the gates there was an army | Ash khoth kuzâ hûmumir((An army was at the gates)) | | У ворот была армия | At the gates there was an army | Ash khoth kuzâ hûmumir((An army was at the gates)) |
-| У ворот имелась армия | At the gates had self an army | | +| У ворот имелась армия | At the gates had self an army | Dakbrus ash khoth hûmumir((We have an army at the gates)) | 
-| Воротам была дана армия (для охраны)((can be treated as regular clause in passive voice)) | To the gates was given an army (for guarding) | Ash khoth kuzâ throgaga hûmumûr ruzhat ((An army was given for the gates to guard)) |+| Воротам была дана армия (для охраны)((can be treated as regular clause in passive voice)) | To the gates was given an army (for guarding) | Ash khoth throgâkuzâ hûmumûr tudat ((An army was given for the gates to guard)) |
 | ::: | ::: | Throguzâ ash khoth hûmumûr ((using impersonal sentence, literally: Gave an army for the gates))  | | ::: | ::: | Throguzâ ash khoth hûmumûr ((using impersonal sentence, literally: Gave an army for the gates))  |
  
-Moreover, Russian existential clause with the verb "to be" may express [[syntax_possession|possessive phrase]] like English "have": "У меня есть нож" = "I have a knife" (lit. "There is a knife at me"). Nûrlâm uses "brus-" (to have) the same way as English: "Dabrus ash karm".+Moreover, Russian existential clause with the verb "to be" may express [[syntax_possession|possessive phrase]] like English "have": "У меня есть нож" = "I have a knife" (lit. "There is a knife at me"). Nûrlâm uses "brus-" (to have) the same way as English: "Dabrus ash kirm". 
 + 
 +Longer sentences like examples from introduction to this article may be translated with non-standard word order which is allowed in Nûrlâm, but shifting of emphasis make the sentence less clear, as in this example "slowing his work" may be read as modifier of infinitive "to find": 
 +^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ 
 +| Dreams about the bounty he wanted to find were slowing his work | Taurum gus raunum amash tahizuz gimbut krampuzû bultab fûrz((Dream(s)-ART.DEF about loot-ART.DEF which 3SG=want-PST find-INF make-PST-3PL work=3SG.M-GEN slow)) | 
 +| There were dreams about the bounty he wanted to find slowing his work | Krampuzû taurum gus raunum amash tahizuz gimbut bultab fûrz((Make-PST-3PL dream(s)-ART.DEF about loot-ART.DEF which 3SG=want-PST find-INF work=3SG.M-GEN slow)) -- <wrap gray>not recommended</wrap> | 
 + 
 +===== Negative existential clauses ===== 
 +Negative existential clause states the [[syntax_absence|absence]] of something. While Nûrlâm does not have direct equivalent of English affirmative existential clause replaced with basic clause, it has special [[syntax_impersonal|impersonal construction]] to translate negative existential phrases like "There is no...". However it is still not a direct equivalent.  
 + 
 +So, negative existential clause is translated the following way: 
 +  - Dummy subject "there" is not used in Nûrlâm, as stated above; 
 +  - The verb "to be" (kûl) is usually omitted in present tense; 
 +  - Object is put into [[case_genitive|genitive case]]. 
 + 
 +Example 1: "There is no joy" = "Nar glaz__ob__" 
 + 
 +Example 2 (complex sentence): "He runs like there is no tomorrow" = "Takhîg oth nar ârshab__ob__". 
 + 
 +===== Other dialects ===== 
 +Existential clauses also present in David Salo's reconstruction of Black Speech for The Lord Of The Rings movie trilogy: 
 +^ David Salo's Black Speech ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ 
 +| Gû kîbum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha gûm-ishi ashi gurum. | No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death. | Nar kîb grazumishi, burzumishi. Zin shadishi gurz tug |
  
 +Other dialects copy English grammar in such clauses.
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